Bukowski Self-Exploration in Bluebird Free Essays

Commonly, the progressions and changes in the primary character are appeared as being caused halfway by his general surroundings, now and then creation the fundamental character even a casualty of society. 1 Something makes the character become ethically arranged or genuinely destroyed and cut off, normally because of something that has occurred in his life. These heroes watch their general surroundings and feel disengaged from it, and carry on with â€Å"taboo† subjects, similar to savagery or interbreeding or ingesting medications or anything that kind of pushes the line in light of the fact that the world they live in has upset their psyches here and there. We will compose a custom exposition test on Bukowski Self-Exploration in Bluebird or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now 3 Finding life unfilled and without esteem, the primary character gets things done to numb the torment, such as drinking excessively hard, or having a great deal of futile and easygoing sex, or whatever else that the two cuts off his feelings and furthermore test him feel joy and interruption for a moment. This is called idealism, as in enjoying trivial interruptions to disregard the root issues in someone’s life. However, the principle character frequently really has a soul, or possibly a more profound feeling of self, and that piece of him is in struggle with the manner in which he is acting apparently, so this is the place the agony and gloom originates from and which we see in violating fiction, regardless of whether it is in books or in sonnets. 3 The topics of violating fiction are all over Bouzouki’s work. 1 His compositions generally spread the second 50% of the twentieth section, and he drew on Los Angles as a wellspring of motivation. Since he went through the vast majority of his time on earth in Los Angles, he related to the city obscurity and coarseness. 6 A great deal of the violating fiction characteristics in Bouzouki’s sonnets are in his idealism from the real world. He expounds on drinking and ladies and betting, and he carried on with his life pursuing ladies, drinking and betting. 5 Through this conduct, the characters got away from their issues. Furthermore, through expounding on it in verse, Bouzoukis communicated his compulsion to escape from his issues by quickly having those extravagances. 5 Bouzoukis grew up during the Great Depression. California was costly, and his dad was jobless. So there was a great deal of disappointment and frailty at home, and his dad was truly, obnoxiously and genuinely oppressive to Bouzouki’s mother. 2 His dad was likewise genuinely and truly injurious towards Bouzoukis, something that his mom didn't stop. 2 This made Bouzoukis a contemplative, unreliable, and socially restless youngster. 2 He had no certainty since he was being damaged at home and felt that he wasn’t adequate contrasted with every other person at school. During this agonizing time of his childhood, Bouzoukis began is deep rooted propensity for unnecessary drinking. His drinking just deteriorated as life went on. 2 He began his composing profession after World War II started and never brought in enough cash off of his composition, so he needed to do Jobs as an afterthought constantly. Difficult Jobs, such as working in an industrial facility. 5 He was unable to rake in tons of cash off of his sonnets in ligh t of the fact that insufficient individuals were purchasing his verse. 5 He was neglecting to break in and become famous and thought that it was difficult to have confidence in himself and on the planet. He turned out to be negative and discouraged about what the distributers were searching for (they just needed to take into account a market†) and didn't accept that anybody had a reasonable possibility. As though things weren’t terrible enough, taking into account that he had no cash, no cozy relationship with his family, and on that no accomplishment in getting his composing distributed, during this time Bouzoukis likewise nearly passed on from a stomach ulcer. 5 He was urgent for friendship and somebody to show him the adoration he never had growing up, thus wedded another writer without thoroughly considering it first, and separated from her two years after the fact. For quite a while after that he couldn't genuinely frame a legit and sound relationship, o he was in every case desolate and continually having illicit relationships with ladies to quickly satisfy his needs. 5 He proceeded with this conduct significantly after he started to appreciate some accomplishment in the sass’s. 5 He just wedded again 10 years after the fact, and he in the end kicked the bucket of malignancy. 5 All taking all things together, Bouzoukis drove an entirely grieved, troublesome and in some cases forlorn life, and had a great deal of issues going on with him that he communicated in his verse. 4 Poetry was an outlet for his innovative ability just as his torment. Through verse, he communicated his frustration with the world, his feeling of forlornness and not having the option to acclimate r be comprehended, and his need to escape from the emotions inside him, in a reasonable way. 4 By sensible I mean he needs to show reality without glossing over anything. In his sonnets, he shows his actual self battling to turn out to be liberated from the enclosure that his phony self snares it in. A genuine model how Bouzoukis communicates his internal identity through pragmatist, violating verse is one of his last sonnets, distributed distinctly around two years before he kicked the bucket: â€Å"Bluebird. . 1 â€Å"Bluebird† is an incredible sonnet since it is exceptionally calming and a touch of discouraging, yet catches the principle battle that Bouzoukis appears to have aced for the greater part of his life: going up against his internal identity, being sufficiently daring to acknowledge himself for who he is as opposed to getting away from it with liquor, ladies, betting, and different interruptions. The bluebird is his internal, genuine self that is attempting to liberate itself. He depicts it as: â€Å"there’s a bluebird in my heart that/needs to get out. 1 But the storyteller (who is actually the artist depicting himself) says he is going to keep the bluebird covered up, and he’ll conceal it by diverting himself from it with liquor and everything else. This is demonstrated in the lines: â€Å"there’s a bluebird in my heart that ants to get out however I murmur bourbon on him and breathe in tobacco smoke and the whore’s and the barkeeps and the basic food item representatives never realize that he’s in there. † 1 He is covering the inward voice, the mystery elective character or genuine character inside him, with liquor, cigarettes, and ladies. He is hesitant to let his actual self show, on the grounds that he’s fabricated everything in his life on untruths and putting on a courageous front that isn’t who he truly is. What is the bluebird at that point? It’s all the poisonousness of his injury †the downturn and disappointment and trouble †yet in addition the individual he can be in the event that he truly acknowledges every one of those issues as opposed to fleeing from them. In any case, he is reluctant to acknowledge that side of himself. Bouzoukis has developed every one of these feelings of trepidation and obstructions after a lifetime of fleeing from his issues. Presently Bouzoukis has an excessive amount to lose to attempt to confront these feelings of trepidation and issues, since his profession and his acclaim and his prosperity rely upon crushing his agony and discouragement, or as it were, the bluebird. To represent this issue, he asks: â€Å"l state, remain down, would you like to destroy me? You need to spoil the works? You need to blow my book deals in Europe? † 1 This refrain unmistakably shows how much his feelings of trepidation and disavowals of his inward voice, the bluebird, is attached to his longing to spare the existence he has endeavored to work without ever truly recognizing his past, his hurt, and who he really is. It’s worth seeing that he utilizes the word â€Å"tough† 1 to depict how solid he is against the bluebird. This implies he sees it as a danger, despite the fact that it isn't. He isn't altogether and complete refusal of his internal identity, in any case. Only specifically willfully ignorant. He calls himself â€Å"clever† 1 and says: â€Å"l just let him out around evening time sometimes† 1 of the bluebird. In the obscurity and forlornness of the night, when no one is there to see and he can be his actual self in private. This dread of indicating the â€Å"real you† to somebody would probably have been a significant worry for somebody who understood that his verse wasn’t selling effectively when he initially began, likely in light of the fact that distributing is after each of the a business and distributers need sonnets that are with regards to the patterns in style, language and subjects that would interest their clients. We as a whole need to recall that life is a business and you can’t consistently stand to be your genuine self. That is the reason the storyteller ells the bluebird that by allowing it to out, he may destroy his profession. Why? Since the storyteller †as it were, Bouzoukis †raked in tons of cash by in part making sense of what verse editors needed to peruse and offering it to them. This all prompts the dread of not communicating who you truly are, and adjusting to society. The storyteller is being the individual that others subliminally need him to be, and he realizes that. His battle is that he sees no an incentive in this phony persona separated from cultural acknowledgment. At the point when he does in the long run let the bluebird out, he doesn't ever really acknowledge it in open †just in private. There is additionally a feeling of dejection. He is disengaged from society since he figures no one would comprehend and acknowledge the bluebird. What's more, since the bluebird is his actual internal identity, he can't impart that to the world since it appears to be so remote and abnormal to them. He has no one to discuss this with. The symbolism is extremely incredible in light of the manner in which the pictures are organized in a steady progression and furthermore on the grounds that the language of the sonnet is so immediate, basic, and direct. 1 He Juxtaposes the picture of the bluebird attempting to break free with al the indications of bad habit around it - bourbon, cigarettes, and so forth. This helps the peruser subliminally make a quick correlation between the honest, common bluebird, which is perfect and immaculate, with all the things that can suffocate that spotless, regular internal identity, similar to liquor. 1 Through the pictures, the basic language, and the conversation of his internal identity versus the veil he puts on for the world, the storyteller is a compelling transplant of Bouzoukis

Swifts “a Modest Proposal” Model 18th Century Wit and Satire Essay Example

Swifts â€Å"a Modest Proposal† Model eighteenth Century Wit and Satire Essay Seeing as that we are in a nation that is well headed to being as stuffed and neediness ridden as Dublin, Ireland in the mid 1700’s, in the event that you had the cash would you purchase and expend another person’s kid only for the sole motivation behind eating great food? In â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, Jonathan Swift shows a model treatise of eighteenth century mind and parody by taunting the serious issue the Irish have of congestion and hobos not having the option to deal with their kids, by recommending that they offer the babies as meat to the well off individuals of the realm. This proposition is thought by numerous individuals to be the probably the best case of parody in the English language. It was composed by Jonathan Swift in 1729 during which time Ireland was experiencing cruel strict and monetary issues where the wealthy English-Protestants were delivering maltreatment on the Irish, alongside extreme starvation and over populating by the laborer individuals of the realm of Dublin. Quick ended about 20 years of quiet and this flyer got one of the most notable bits of ironical writing all through the land. Parody is an artistic way that mixes a basic demeanor with diversion and mind to improve human establishments or humankind and used to rouse and energize change. As you read Swift’s proposition, you expect that he is dead genuine, in light of the fact that he begins by clarifying the serious issue that the individuals of Dublin are having, which is the hobos and lower end of society have a plenty of youngsters and not having the option to stand to deal with them. We will compose a custom article test on Swifts â€Å"a Modest Proposal† Model eighteenth Century Wit and Satire explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Swifts â€Å"a Modest Proposal† Model eighteenth Century Wit and Satire explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Swifts â€Å"a Modest Proposal† Model eighteenth Century Wit and Satire explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer He says that whoever can think of a technique â€Å"of making these youngsters sound and valuable individuals from the region, would merit so well of people in general, as to have his sculpture set up for a preserver of the nation† (Swift 341). Which at the hour of the composing would be a generally excellent prize for the individual thinking of the technique, and after this line you accept that he is going to reason a genuine and authentic strategy as to transforming the little youngsters into profitable citizenry. At that point Swift stuns every one of his perusers by all of a sudden proposing that â€Å"a youthful solid youngster, very much breast fed, is, at a year old, a generally tasty, supporting, and healthy food, regardless of whether stewed, broiled, prepared, or bubbled; and I make almost certainly that it will similarly serve in fricassee or a ragout† (Swift 342). For those of us, for example, I who are inexperienced with Swift’s work accept from the start that he is as a rule altogether genuine about murdering the newborn children and eating them as an a delicacy. Indeed, even his title to the handout is humorous and overstated in a huge degree. He utilizes the word â€Å"modest† which subsequent to perusing just around 6 or 8 sections you notice there is no unobtrusiveness in the writing by any means. While, as you keep on perusing on you see that he isn't not kidding at all and that he is out and out deriding the issue of congestion and the Irish taking maltreatment from the English. He doesn't propose a conventional cost on the cadaver of a youngster, he says that â€Å"no honorable man would repine to give ten shillings for the corpse of a decent gat kid, which, as I have stated, will make four dishes of amazing nutritive meat† (Swift 343). Ten shillings is worth 70 pennies American today, which even back in that day ten shillings could just take care of a little family for up to 14 days. This is such a low cost for the life of a human, which is a decent pointer that Swift is attempting to be clever. Also, considerably after that you realize that he is utilizing a ridiculing tone since he tells the perusers that â€Å"butchers we might be guaranteed won't be needing; in spite of the fact that I rather suggest purchasing the youngsters alive, and dressing them hot from the blade, as we do broiling pigs† (Swift 343). It is exceptionally difficult to take somebody genuine who composes that you have to filet kids buzzing with a hot blade. It is clever however that he analyzes kids to that of a pig, in light of the fact that later in the perusing he discloses to us that pregnant ladies were esteemed not as much as pigs. All things considered he puts a ton of thought and exertion into demonstrating the peruser that he is being clever. He attempts to tell the perusers that â€Å"those who are progressively frugal (as I should admit the occasions require) may excoriate the remains; the skin of which, misleadingly dressed, will make commendable gloves for women, and summer boots for fine gentleman† (Swift 343). He derides the earnestness of the monetary battles by saying individuals can check a portion of the hardship by transforming infant skin into gloves for ladies and summer boots for respectable men. His mind is something that you need to figure out how to get on, on the grounds that despite the fact that it is everywhere throughout the work, it may be somewhat difficult to get on for the undeveloped eye. Quick likewise recommends that his proposition will make pregnant ladies valuable and ready to get salary for the family. During these occasions pregnant ladies were not viewed as profoundly as they are today, and spouses considered their to be wives as being to some degree a weight, since they could just play out a couple of house obligations and no difficult work at all. Despite the fact that in the proposition if ladies were selling their kids for a benefit, he says that â€Å"men would become as partial to their spouses during the hour of their pregnancy, as they are presently of their female horses in foal, their cows in calf, or sows when they are prepared to farrow† (Swift 345). It is vile that as of now men considered their to be spouses as being to a lesser degree an animal than theirs ponies, dairy animals, or pigs on the sole truth that their wives couldn't make them any cash while they were pregnant. Swifts proposition additionally says that it will free the training that spouses have of â€Å"beating or kicking them (as is too visit a training) inspired by a paranoid fear of a miscarriage† (Swift 345). Unfortunately as of right now men could escape unpunished with beating their spouses, substantially less their pregnant wives to the point that they prematurely deliver the youngster. In Swift’s leaflet he says the main explanation the spouses will quit beating there pregnant wives is on the grounds that danger of unnatural birth cycle and the loss of 8 shillings net benefit. Then again, after the whole humorous and clever piece, Swift leaves us with a genuine last line expressing, â€Å"I have no youngsters by which I can propose to get a solitary penny; the most youthful being nine years of age, and my significant other past kid bearing† (Swift 347). In this line he is calling the individuals of Dublin brainless for having a larger number of youngsters than they can think about. This line is additionally to serves to show that he has given them what the issue is, however it is the poor Irish-Catholic individuals that must get enlivened so as to plan something for stop their own concern and to prevent taking maltreatment from the English-Protestants. All things considered, Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal† is definitely not unassuming, despite the fact that it serves as an ideal case of eighteenth century mind and parody. It proceeds with today to be one of the most notable parody pieces from that timespan. You would need to be as imbecilic as the Irish-Catholics that had an excessive number of youngsters to not feel that the bit of writing was entertaining

Blog Archive Managing a $2M Student Investment Fund at UCLA Anderson

Blog Archive Managing a $2M Student Investment Fund at UCLA Anderson Many acknowledge UCLA Anderson’s unique connections to the media and entertainment industry. However, far fewer MBA aspirants are aware of the tremendous opportunities Anderson provides to students interested in investment management. Established in 1987, the Student Investment Fund (SIF) at Anderson is a fellowship that provides a limited number of students with a hands-on opportunity to apply what they have learned thus far about investment theory. Students must apply for the opportunity to manage the portfolio, as one of the ten SIF Fellows, by participating in the four-round application process that includes panel interviews and essays. SIF Fellows engage in investment strategy, asset allocation, and security analysis for more than 18 months and explore both value and growth approaches to investment as well as fixed income investments. Fellows get together weekly during the academic year and visit at least 30 investment professionals throughout the fellowship to learn about dif ferent investment philosophies. Fellows also receive assistance in securing summer internships in the investment management industry. Those interested in a career in investment management should give UCLA Anderson a closer look. For more information on UCLA Anderson or 15 other leading MBA programs, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet B-School Facts Business School University of California Los Angeles (Anderson)

China Golden Age Song Dynasty - 1297 Words

GLOBAL CHINA GOLDEN AGE: SONG DYNASTY A golden age is a specific time where peace, happiness and prosperity flourishes within a civilization. In China. This period was known as the Song Dynasty, which lasted from (920-1279). China’s Golden Age was followed by the Yuan Dynasty, which dated from the years (1271-1368). During this period the Song Dynasty was exciting to people. Agriculture flourished leading to the inventions of the moveable typewriter and magnetic compass, paper money, and even gunpowder. The Song Dynasty led to China’s most significant achievement, Neo-Confucianism. Despite the influential importance art and creativity had on the Chinese people, it did not perform as much of an important, helpful part to the Chinese people as Agriculture and Neo-Confucianism did. Advancements in China during the Song Dynasty caused this time period to flourish with peace, prosperity, and happiness. The Song dynasty was ruled by Zhao Kuangyin who was a chief-general in the dynasty before the Song, Hou Zhuo. Zhao Kuangyin unified china into a strong central government. He designed a strategy to conquer various kingdoms one by one, staring in the south, which was very rich in their production of items but weak in forces and protection. Zhao the ruler of the Song dynasty which lasted over 300 years believed in following short military dynasties. During the Song Dynasty, gunpowder was becoming more common to people to develop weapons. When theShow MoreRelatedHow the Tang-Song Era Is a Golden Age1507 Words   |  7 PagesThe definition of a Golden Age is a time of economic, political, technological, and social improvement and advance at a great level. The Tang and Song Dynasties are very important to the history of Chinese civilization. The Tang Era is the most well-known dynasty in Chinese history, mainly because the empire was the largest, richest and most sophisticated state in the world at the time. The Song Era had far-reaching impacts economically, culturally, and socially. During the Song Era, there was majorRead MoreChina And The World : A Golden Age1168 Words   |  5 PagesChina and the World: Ch.8 1. Why are the centuries of the Tang and song dynasties in China sometimes referred to as a â€Å"golden age†? 2. In what ways did women’s live change during the Tang and Song dynasties? 3. How did the Chinese and their nomadic neighbors to the north view each other? 4. What assumptions underlay the tribute system? 5. How did the tribute system in practice differ from the ideal Chinese understanding of its operation? 6. In what ways did China and theRead MoreCompare And Contrast Tang And Song Dynasty932 Words   |  4 Pagescollapse of the Han Dynasty in 220, China declined into an elongated term of division. 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Essay on Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legal - 564 Words

Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legal Marriage has long been a traditional aspect of Western Society. It is widely recognized as a ritual between both man and woman. Marriage is deemed as a holy matrimony meant to publically announce a commitment between two heterosexual individuals. For many traditional reasons and religious beliefs the institution of marriage has been denied to homosexuals. Publically opposing the idea of marriage by homosexuals openly shows bias towards equality of citizens under the law and places heterosexuals and homosexuals on separate planes as human beings. The act of marriage is a sanction between traditionally complementary sexes (male and female) universally seen as a heterosexual ritual. In society†¦show more content†¦It is difficult among heterosexuals, and automatically thought as less able to be performed by same-sex couples. This is incorrectly assumed, people don’t know whether those couples would be more likely to work or even place a higher standard on marriage. William J. Bennett, a prominent cultural conservative and cultural issues writer, argues in an op-ed column â€Å"Against Gay marriage† in the Washington Post (21 may 1996) that allowing same-sex marriage would create extended social chaos. Popular opinion deems that complementary sexes alone can complete each other, and incorrectly recognizes same-sex marriage as a gateway for incest and bigamy. Homosexuality isn’t the same as incestuous behavior; making same-sex marriage legal doesn’t condone incest nor bigamy. Yet this kind of scrutiny is ‘justifiably’ placed upon homosexuals. The government shouldn’t be able to state; homosexuals can’t get married, and couples don’t have connection, feelings and devotion to one another. If the government can dictate to homosexuals which actions can be performed the same should be done to heterosexuals to keep playing fields all around equal. As soon as that were to happen there would be an uprising, because that’s a freedom and wouldn’t want the government in their social lives. Church and state should be kept separate; all people are created equally and shouldn’t beShow MoreRelatedSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1288 Words   |  6 Pages Marriage is not precisely the same as it used to be interpreted. For example, women used to be their husband’s property. Sometimes the women were forced to marry whoever their parents wanted them to marry and most of the time they couldn’t leave the marriage. Nowadays women have more freedom. They can vote, they can run their own business, and they can marry whichever man they want to. The laws change as the people’s mind change. 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The recognition of same-sex marriage is an issue influenced by numerous factors, and debates continue to arise over whether people in same-sex relationships have the right to marriage. Marriage provides many benefits, legally, financially, and personally. Same-sex marriage can open up those in same-sex relationships to tax benefits and financial demands comparable to those afforded to and required of peo ple in opposite-sex marriages. Same-sex marriage also gives them legal protections, such as

Greek Mythology And Mythology Of The Iliad, Oedipus Rex...

Cultures have long been shaped by mythology and religion. The impacts of ancient cultures in particular are felt worldwide through a variety of mediums. Others have referenced ancient cultures for a long time, in hopes of better understanding them. Examples of this have been seen throughout the world, especially in Greek culture. The ancient Greeks had a rich culture, which they used often in their works; examples of this are seen in the Iliad, Oedipus Rex and others. The existence of Greek mythology and narratives plays a significant role in shaping the arts, most notably dance and performance. It also prompted the Aristotle Poetics that discussed the value of six specific traits in every tragedy. It has even encouraged the usage in other fields of study, the most notably the existence of the Oedipus complex. The inclusion of different narratives, and symbolisms help to create a more dynamic environment in which the performance as a whole seems more complete. Sophocles’ Oed ipus Rex has heavily influenced Aristotle as well as the performing arts in the creation of the tragic hero among other things. As a literary work, Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex has contributed to the arts of literature, with the creation of the six elements of a tragic hero. The work of Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex was significant in the way it approached its subject matter. In choosing a subject matter that was relatively taboo, it had garnered a significant amount of interest. The story of Oedipus Rex beginsShow MoreRelated Incest in Greek Mythology Essay1765 Words   |  8 PagesIncest in Greek Mythology      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Incest in Greek mythology was a common occurrence. Part of the reason is that the gods themselves set the example, and since everything that happened in society was the result of the passion of the gods, this, of course, gave the characters in the Greek plays the opportunity to also lust after their children and relatives. 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It illustrates how the curse on the House of Labdacus (who is the grandson of Cadmus, founder of Thebes, and the father of Laius, whose son is Oedipus) brought about the deaths of Oedipus and his wife-mother, Jocasta, as well as the double fratricide of Eteocles and Polynices. Furthermore, Antigone dies after defying King Creon. The play is set in Thebes, a powerful city-state north of

Mental Health for Communities-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Critically analyse the influences of attitudes, environment, culture, support systems and adaptive ability on community mental health issues for any specific population. Answer: Introduction The mentality of a person is one of the most important aspects that drive the human activities. Without the ability to think properly people cannot maintain their daily chores of life (Betancourt et al., 2015). Thus, it is important to ensure that the mental health of an individual remains stable. Mental health of an individual may have a negative impact on the normal life of an individual and thereby is affected by the culture, attitude and the environment. The essay focuses on these issues and provides an analysis of the complexity of the mental health issues. The influence of culture, environment and support system is also discussed which provides a proper understanding of the sufferings of the people suffering from mental illness. The essay focuses on the impact of this mental health issue on the children living with single parents and the manner in which the society perceives such children. Discussion According to Schroeder and Peterson (2017), mental health is considered as a well-being based on which an individual can understand the self-abilities and maintain a properly balanced life despite the pressures of life. A person with a sound mental health can assist a community in more than one ways. Scholars have suggested that stability of mental health is a result of the relation that exists between individuals and environmental factors (Patel Saxena, 2014). This includes illness within the family ranging from generations, levels of stress, lifestyle and work behaviour. These factors define the mental health of an individual and consequently provide the ability to contribute towards the wellbeing of a society. Thus, it is important that the mental health of individual conduct activities that deal with maintaining a proper life. In this regard, the individuals need to ensure that certain factors need to be avoided to ensure that the mental health is not harmed. Issues such as underemployment, economic hardship, poverty, raised by a single parent can cause a great deal of stress and lead to mental illness. According to Hickie (2015), mental illness is defined as a type of mental health disorder that mainly occurs due to the existence of anxiety, depression, dementia and other mental characteristics. However, this curable disease can be done after recognising the symptoms and the factors that lead to the occurrence of the disease. The mental illness in a person can be caused by impairment of individual, cognitive and affective abilities. It has been seen that most mental illness arises from the biological and developmental factors and these factors can be managed by the application of various diagnostic diseases such as proper mental treatment and rehabilitation. Thus, the psychological factors affecting the health of an individual are based mainly on the environment and the social factors related to the lives of people. At times, it is seen that people tend to compare mental health with psychological health. Whenever a person with mental disability exists, the comparison starts with the psychology of the individual. However, there exist certain differences between mental health and psychological health. Mental health usually takes place due to many stressful factors at work and personal life. The mentality of an individual needs to be such that the risk factors that exist in the environment are measured based on the stressful factors that exist in the social environment factor of an individual. Cummings et al. (2017) stated that normally the mental health of an individual degrades from the excessive stress at the work place. However, psychological factors also exist in workplaces. Factors such as anxiety, underemployment and stress provided by managers may lead to bipolar disease, schizophrenia and depression. Thus, this is the differences that exist between mental health and mental illness. Based o n this, it can be said that environmental and cultural factors also affect mental health. Harris, Barnett and Bridgman (2018) stated that the social determinants are present that pose a serious threat to the mental health of individuals. These determinants may result from various factors that are present in a society. The factors may be from the personal lives of people as well as from the work place of the people. Most of the times the mental health and illness of the people result based on two main factors. These factors include the culture and the environment. The culture of an individual plays a huge role in the development of the mentality of an individual. As stated by Allen et al. (2014) the mental health of an individual is formed by the manner in which the family responds. The behaviours and attitudes of the family affect the mental health of children, as they tend to learn from the behaviours of the seniors. In this case, it can be said that the children being brought up by a single parent have a severe mental breakdown than children residing with both parents. In this context, Pflum et al. (2015) stated that it is considered as one of the most important analyses done by researchers that provide the facts of mental illness that exists between boys and girls living with both parents. About 8% of the children residing with both parents suffer from any type of mental disorder while the rate increases to 13% for children living with split parents (Clement et al., 2015). This may be because a single parent undoes the responsibility and discipline that are provided by both the parents. Hence, children with single parents are more likely to suffer from a mental breakdown due to lack of family culture. At the same time, these children are treated with disrespect in the society that prompts the occurrence of a mental breakdown. Environmental issue: Another factor that may cause the occurrence of mental health issues in an individual is the environment. According to Kleinman (2015), the environment refers to the existence of society and work place. Often it is seen that pressure from living up to the expectations of the employers and of the society causes stress among the people (Widom, Czaja and DuMont, 2015). The stress factors are related to the ways by which people single out an individual based on the role they play in the society. In the case of children with single parents, the mental pressure arises seeing the job of people with both parents. Depression due to this factor either leads a child to be mentally stable or mentally weak (Mathews et al., 2017). Thus, this important phenomenon provides problems to the children and the family to cope up with a pressure of the environment. However, it can be said that the mental health issue does not always arise from the thoughts and depression suffered by th e individual; sometimes the perception of the society also has an impact in the mental health of an individual. Attitudes: As stated by Van der Kolk (2017) the society and environment are the main cause for the rise of mental health issue in an individual. At the same time, the society shuns accepting people with mental disability and treats the people with disrespect. This proves to be a huge challenge for the people suffering from such problem, as they have to combat the personal issues and the society that makes them a bully. Stereotypes and prejudices are shown by the environment mainly arise due to the behaviour is shown by the mentally challenged people (Widom, Czaja DuMont, 2015). Thus, the people are robbed off various opportunities that may help them to lead a better life and become a stable member of a community. Most scholars have pointed out the fact the occurrence of mental health issue in an individual cannot be attributed to only one phenomenon. Culture: Researches are being held that highlights the stigma that exists in the formation of mental health issues in a human being. Sometimes issues related to race, religious beliefs, cultural background and colour prove to be serious factors for people residing in a society. These factors tend to be the cause of mental issues as people try to exploit these factors to remain away from others. Thus, this leads to mental illness from which the effective bonding of the community comes into question. As observed by Albert (2017) single parent receives the most heat from the society as the children of these parents are abused and bullied by other children. An early age trauma can have a severe impact on the lives of an individual and thus create an opportunity to remain mentally unstable for life. However, certain positive factors also exist that can be derived by the mentally challenged people from the society. Support system: It is important for the support system to nourish the people suffering from mental health disorder. The fact that the health care sectors are pledged to support any type of disease provides hopes for the mentally ill people. It is necessary that the health care centres possess the right diagnostic tool and resources that can help in eradicating this disease (Deresky, 2017). Such infrastructure needs to be based on the creativity of the service providers and the manner in which the people can be diagnosed. It is advised that people suffering from mental disease need to be kept in an environment that provides no stress factors. The diagnosis needs to be done following a systematic approach that begins from the isolation of the people to the slow progress towards interaction with others. All the while, it is important that the records of the service users suffering from such a disease be maintained for the future purpose (Pedersen et al., 2015). Another important support system that needs to be maintained is the family and workplace. At times it is seen that the pressure from family and workplace result in the occurrence of stress factor in an individual (Harms, Clifford Cryer, 2014). Family members need to support one another so that the stress can be reduced and people can lead a wonderful life. In the case of children, being brought up by single parents it is the duty of the existing parent to ensure that the child does not receive any type of harassment while at school or play. Excessive pressure from the workplace often leads to the cause of schizophrenia among people as the peers and employers provide excess workload to the individual. It is to be noted that the recovery of mental health illness of an individual is not an easy process. According to Panayotou (2016), the people suffering from mental illness need to be taken proper care and motivated properly. Adaptive ability: Christian (2015) is of the opinion that a good Samarian tends to help the society and the people residing in it without any discrimination. The fact that these Samarians exist make it possible for the reduced bullying of the people. Thus, children with a single parent can be seen with a sympathetic attitude and proper assistance can be provided that can help them to become a regular member of the society. Assistance can be provided in the form of providing health care help to the people suffering from mental illness. However, Almond and Verba (2015) stated that in the modern day it has been seen that in the modern day people suffering from mental health issues raise their voice against the public. The right to personal recovery and clinical recovery of individuals suffering from such a disease is to be provided by the Government of every country so that the culture of the society and the country can be maintained. The recovery of the mental illness is a long process and it involves patience from the people providing the cure. Although it has been said by Hickie (2015) that mental illness can be cured, the fact that the lifespan of the people suffering from mental health issues varies. It has been seen that the death rate among individuals is high mainly due to the existence of mental pressure. According to Pflum et al. (2015), individuals due to the existence of excess stress commit suicides. The life expectancy of people suffering stress can be low. This is because, in the modern day, the stress is the consistent factor that is the root cause of mental illness. Stress can be experienced at any level of life and it is seen that children also suffer from the same problem. The pressure from the school curriculum activities plays an important factor in the rise of stress level among children. At the same time, it can be said that the children brought up by a single parent suffer from negligence. The life expectancy of these children cannot be determined as these children may live their whole lives and become a better parent than their predecessors ever was. However, the mental stress of these people sometimes results in illegal activities that may be committed. This includes going through frenzy and committing psychological behaviours that may hamper the lives of the person concerned. Thus, this may result in the unexpected death of the person thereby the life expectancy cannot be determined in a proper manner (Harris, Barnett Bridgman, 2018). Another important factor that may be attributed to the cause of a mental issue is the smoking habit of people. Kleinman et al. (2015) stated that most stress-related people solve matters by smoking. They believe that smoking can relax them and relive them from the current stress that they are undergoing. It has been seen that about 21% of the men and 19% of the women population succumb due to the habit of smoking (Van der Kolk, 2017). This is a very high death rate given the fact that the death related to mental illness is very low. Thus, people need to control smoking and ensure that they have a longer life. In this regard, it can be said that the life expectancy of these people ranges until adolescent. Although the death rate, in this case, is measured by the habit of smoking, the fact that this is an indirect consequence to mental health proves that the mental illness of the people make them jeopardise their lives. Widom, Czaja and DuMont (2015) observed that many causes of mental health issue arise from the physical consequences of people. The fact that people may suffer a state of frenzy makes it difficult for most people to maintain their composure. Thus, in this case, the life expectancy can range from childhood to adolescence. Conclusion Thus, it can be said that the mental health of individuals is a result of various factors such as social, environmental and cultural. These factors are a result of the pressures that people feel from work and family. The mentality of an individual is an important aspect as it helps in the growth and success of the individual. Bullying the mentally challenged people may create more stress and cause the people to suffer from depression. The children brought up single parents suffer from such bullying and because of this find it difficult to maintain their stature in the society. This gives rise to severe psychological characteristics that may lower the life expectancy rate of the people. References Albert, V. (2017).From child abuse to permanency planning: Child welfare services pathways and placements. Routledge. Allen, J., Balfour, R., Bell, R., Marmot, M. (2014). Social determinants of mental health.International Review of Psychiatry,26(4), 392-407. Almond, G. A., Verba, S. (2015).The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton University Press. Betancourt, T. S., Frounfelker, R., Mishra, T., Hussein, A., Falzarano, R. (2015). Addressing health disparities in the mental health of refugee children and adolescents through community-based participatory research: a study in 2 communities.American journal of public health,105(S3), S475-S482. Christian, C. W. (2015). The evaluation of suspected child physical abuse.Pediatrics,135(5), 1337-1354. Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., ... Thornicroft, G. (2015). What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies.Psychological medicine,45(1), 11-27. Cummings, J. R., Allen, L., Clennon, J., Ji, X., Druss, B. G. (2017). Geographic access to specialty mental health care across high-and low-income US communities.Jama psychiatry,74(5), 476-484. Deresky, H. (2017).International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education Harms, T., Clifford, R. M., Cryer, D. (2014).Early childhood environment rating scale. Teachers College Press. Harris, M. W., Barnett, T., Bridgman, H. (2018). Rural art roadshow: a travelling art exhibition to promote mental health in rural and remote communities.Arts Health,10(1), 57-64. Hickie, I. (2015). Contributing lives, thriving communities: report of the national review of mental health programmes and services. Kleinman, P. K. (Ed.). (2015).Diagnostic imaging of child abuse. Cambridge University Press. Mathews, B., Norman, R., Dunne, M., Marston, C. (2017). Improving measurement of child abuse and neglect: A systematic review and analysis of national prevalence studies.PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews. Panayotou, T. (2016). Economic growth and the environment.The environment in anthropology, 140-148. Patel, V., Saxena, S. (2014). Transforming lives, enhancing communitiesinnovations in global mental health.New England Journal of Medicine,370(6), 498-501. Pedersen, P. B., Lonner, W. J., Draguns, J. G., Trimble, J. E., Scharron-del Rio, M. R. (Eds.). (2015).Counseling across cultures. Sage Publications. Pflum, S. R., Testa, R. J., Balsam, K. F., Goldblum, P. B., Bongar, B. (2015). Social support, trans community connectedness, and mental health symptoms among transgender and gender nonconforming adults.Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity,2(3), 281. Schroeder, S. M., Peterson, M. L. (2017). Identifying Variability in Patient Characteristics and Prevalence of Emergency Department Utilization for Mental Health Diagnoses in Rural and Urban Communities.The Journal of Rural Health. Van der Kolk, B. A. (2017). This Issue: Child Abuse Victimization.Psychiatric Annals,35(5), 374-378. Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., DuMont, K. A. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and neglect: Real or detection bias?.Science,347(6229), 1480-1485.

Victor Frankenstein Essay Example

Victor Frankenstein Paper I have been given the assignment of comparing three stories of anticipation in three dissimilar styles of script. Throughout this essay, I will converse on the subject of the way each story is written, how and why particular special effects are accomplished and what rudiments and elements contribute to the atmosphere and anticipation of the story. Finally, I will conclude as to which story I have found the most successful and explain why I liked it in detail. A principal feature to examine when studying a story, in my opinion, is the title. Titles of some stories give away the plots or endings, whereas others are totally abstract and thought provoking, providing absolutely no clue as to what the story will be about. Either Frankenstein or The Raven has the best titles out of the three stories that I have read. They give away that the story is about someone named Frankenstein or a raven, but nothing else that would ruin the plot or ending. This is beneficial to the reader, who would be able to get more involved in the story as more of the plot unfolds, particularly in a novel. The title Man Overboard, tells us that the story is about a man falling overboard. Primarily I considered it could be a metaphor, but after reading the story, I found that it wasnt. A story with a title that gives away the plot has some advantages and disadvantages. Giving away some of the plot could make the reader interested and make him or her want to know how that certain event happened, for example, how the man fell overboard. A lot of the time that is not always what happens. In some cases, the plot is given away too much by the title, which makes the story less exhilarating and impulsive for the reader. We will write a custom essay sample on Victor Frankenstein specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Victor Frankenstein specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Victor Frankenstein specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The three stories I read were in the form of a novel, a short story and a poem. This had a striking outcome on the way I thought about the stories and how I could scrutinize them. The novel contained many characters and minor plots scattered around a central story line. This made it exceptionally complex and hard to understand at times, which in fact kept me interested for the reason that I was determined to understand the story. Eventually, all of the smaller plots merged into one main plot. The novel contained various distinct ideas and philosophies about crucial and valuable subjects such as life, death and religion. The short story contained one plot and one main character and was a great deal easier to grasp. The plot was portrayed in a fair amount of detail and didnt contain any ideas or philosophies like the novel. The poem, in contrast, was written in structured verses and contained an even-handed amount of rhyme in each verse. It contained nineteenth century ideas about superstition and death, which made it more similar to the novel, but only had one plot neighbouring one main character. In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley creates many differences amid Victor Frankenstein and his creation, but simultaneously creates parallels between the two. Victors siblings and parents are perfect in his eyes and never deny him anything; whereas the creature is rejected by everyone who sees him from the moment he begins breathing. In spite of these differences, both characters develop problems as adults based on these childhood experiences, which ultimately cause others deaths as well as their own. Although Victors seemingly idyllic upbringing sharply contrasts with the creatures neglected childhood, both of these scenarios lead to their mutual destruction. While Victor experienced an apparently perfect, but in truth, overindulgent childhood, the creature is faced with constant rejection from the moment he is given life despite his inborn warmth and compassion. From the beginning of each of their existences, the two beings grew up under totally dissimilar pressures and influences. Victors parents respond to his birth as a gift from Heaven, whereas from the moment the creature draws breath, Victor, his father, abhors him. Indicating that as a child he never experienced unhappiness to any degree, Victor explains that his earliest memories are his mothers tender caresses and his fathers smile of benevolent pleasure while regarding him. When the creature is born, conversely, the first thing that happens to him is that his creator irrationally abandons the new being in his state of innocence because he is unable to endure the aspect of the being he had created. Shelley even uses parallel scenes where both Victor and the creature reach out for a parents love and reassurance and meet opposite responses to demonstrate their differing childhood experiences. Victor later becomes a egotistic adult who does not understand consequences and the creatures natural kindness develops into vengeful misery. Because Victor was never denied anything as a child, he grows up to be a self-centred being. While during his childhood he supposedly receives lessons of patience, of charity, and of self-control, he was so guided by a silken cord that all seemed but one train of enjoyment to him and, as a result, he never makes any mistakes and does not learn that there are in fact consequences to his actions. The creation of the monster itself is a selfish act that results from his pampered childhood because he never considers that there might be ramifications of some sort for the rest of humanity or even for himself. Because he develops this feeling of his own invincibility, when he decides to unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of creation, Victor is really only thinking of his own personal glory as a scientist and fails to recognise the possible problems that controlling nature to this extent can present. Victors and the creatures individual faults arising from their upbringings ultimately lead to their mutual destruction. Victors selfishness and the creatures vengefulness as adults lead to the deaths of those close to Victor. Because Victor denies the creature everything from love and compassion to acceptance, the creatures anger deepens and he is driven to kill Victors brother William as punishment. Williams death consequently causes the death of innocent Justine who is believed to be guilty of his murder. These deaths occur because Victor grew up without the understanding of consequences and he, as a result, selfishly denied the creature of the necessities that would have prevented him from committing such abhorrent crimes. By killing Victors closest friend Clerval and then Elizabeth, his lifelong companion, the creature continues to act on his vengeful feelings because Victor continues to deny him necessities and destroys the monsters own future companion before his eyes. The creature resorts to this life of despondency and violence because of his childhood of neglect and the resulting adult rejection he later experiences.

Gay Rights Activists view on Same-sex Marriage

Gay Rights Activists view on Same-sex Marriage Free Online Research Papers Question: What are the views of Gay Rights activists on same-sex marriage? There are many Gay Rights activists who are strong supporters of marriage. One reason for them supporting same-sex marriage is that marriage has many economic advantages over single life. Married people get tax breaks and are entitled to Social Security benefits if one spouse dies. Since gays are not allowed to marry except in California, they cannot get the benefits in most places in the United States. Also, legally married people can inherit from one another without a will. Many companies offer benefits to a person’s spouse, but since gays cannot legally marry, they are denied these benefits. Since the general public is against same-sex relationships in general, gays receive little support for having and sustaining long-term relationships compared to heterosexual couples. The textbook states that â€Å"On average, relationships for both gay males and lesbians last two years to three years, and a pattern of serial monogamy exists.† Gay Rights activists who support same-sex marriage would argue that if gays were allowed to marry, this average span of relationship life would increase. The reason, they would argue, is that there is more support in society for people who are married to stay together than there is for people who aren’t married. Also, it is commonly expected by society that married people will stay together, which plays a role in actually keeping marriages together. Lesbians and gay men also feel that denying them the right to marry says that they aren’t as good as heterosexuals. If they are to be equal with heterosexuals, they should have the same rights as heterosexuals, including the right to get married. The textbook reads â€Å"Some lesbians and gay men believe that legal marriage would be their most important civil rights victory yet.† This shows the huge importance that these people put on marriage and having the right to get married. They also believe that having the right to marry would start a chain reaction for other changes in favor of their equality to heterosexuals. While many gays and lesbians are adamant in the support of same-sex marriage, there are also gays and lesbians who oppose same-sex marriage. The textbook states that some of them â€Å"such as gay rights attorney Paula Ettelbrick, object to mimicking a traditionally patriarchal institution based on property rights and institutionalized husband-wife roles.† The traditional marriage roles set up by society don’t really apply to gays and lesbians, so it is possible they would want a word or name other than marriage to describe their life-long union. One quote from a lesbian in the textbook had her referring to her â€Å"life partner† instead of her spouse. Research Papers on Gay Rights Activists view on Same-sex MarriageTrailblazing by Eric AndersonInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaQuebec and Canada19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Global Trade Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Trade Operations - Essay Example International trade has also played a pivotal role in offering economic growth in the countries involved. International trade has also helped countries to reduce their manufacturing costs. For instance, a country can concentrate on what it produces efficiently and effectively. The countries specialize on the field where their absolute advantage lies. This case involves international trade between two countries that are located in different parts of the world. Both countries are different but they are linked together by trade. Background; Trade between CHINA and UK China and UK have enjoyed productive trade relations for a long time. Statistics reveal that trade between the two countries is increasing significantly. In 2009, UK – China bilateral trade in goods was more than $ 201.16 billion. The value is expected to increase significantly in the future. More than 56 Chinese companies have also been listed in the London Stock Exchange. In 2009, UK, imports from China was $ 15.97 billion. Desired Incoterms In 2000, International Chamber of Commercial Terms issued International Commercial Terms (Incoterms) that are now adopted in international trade throughout the world. The Incoterms that are basically used by these traders is the Free on Board (FOB). In this case, the seller is required to deliver the goods to a carrier identified by the buyer. For FOB, the seller delivers the goods after which they are cleared for export (Grath 2008). Importing from China While importing from China, an importer is supposed to create a relationship with the supplier. After establishing a relationship, an individual or organization is required to confirm the terms of trade between the two countries. After confirmation of the trade terms, the parties then agree on the terms of payments. This is followed by approval of samples. Finally, an order is placed in writing after which the freight forwarder is appointed (Grath 2008). In 2008, China exports to UK were $36.07 million. These statistics reveal that there is a strong trade relationship between China and United Kingdom. Exporting to China Exporting from China is almost similar to the importing process. The first step is for the exporter to develop a relationship with the buyer. Then, the two confirm the terms of trade which applies for the two countries. The two parties are then required to agree on the conditions of payment. This involves the deposit balances well as receipts of goods. It is also, important to have samples approved before receiving an order with the new buyer. This should be in writing. The order should indicate the exact order and the terms of trade. Regulations guiding trade in EU and non- EU countries Although the international trade has opened new markets for many companies, it has some complications. For example, trading between EU and non EU member is crucial bearing in mind that the two regions may have different regulations. In this case, the trading companies are required t o adhere to the jurisdiction within the region where the trade is taking place. Some restrictions are unhealthy since they undermine the ability of companies to export freely. The regulations within the EU regions favour the trade between the member states. It promotes free movement of goods and services between the members. The member states are required to withdraw all restrictions to the member states. Therefore, all businesses in the member states can easily

New teacher induction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

New teacher induction - Essay Example A mentor is useful in guiding the teacher through the various problems that the new teacher may face (Collins, 2008). An instructional coach is instrumental in ensuring that the correct procedures are kept in covering the curriculum. The induction process helps the teacher understand and know how to deal with the various students who come from diverse backgrounds. A teacher will also be better placed to deal with students who have difficulties in class and also maximize on the different talents of the various students (Collins, 2008). An important issue to consider is that teachers need to connect with the students so that they can achieve more. The induction process also needs to be reviewed from time to time to ensure that the correct practices are used in the induction of teacher. What works on the program should be further improved while what does not work should be corrected as well. In this standard the administration describes the responsibilities for the teacher and guide them through the written and vision that promotes and supports the ability of the teacher to the continuous development of the region and describes the policies of the school. At this point, the new teacher gets to learn the rules of the school such as the time that they are meant to report to school and time they are meant to eave, the timetable of the school, the values and the culture of the school and how they are meant to conduct themselves especially in regards to how they relate to the students (Collins, 2008). This area could also include issues of pay and if there are any bonuses or any medical support that he teacher is entitled to when they are teaching at the school. This stander seeks professional improvement the teachers that include classroom management techniques and motivating students. Moreover, it lets the teacher to know more about how to communicate and work with diverse students. Students are usually from very

Objectives of the Firm Essay Example for Free

Objectives of the Firm Essay The standard economic assumption underlying the analysis of firms is profit maximization. Real world firms, however, might not, and many times do not, make decisions based on the profit-maximization objective, or at least exclusively on the profit-maximization objective. Other objectives include: (1) sales maximization, (2) pursuit of personal welfare, and (3) pursuit of social welfare. Although firms are assumed to make decisions that increase profit in standard economic analysis, real world firms often pursue other objectives on a day-to-day basis. Some firms set their sights on maximizing sales. For other firms the owners or employees are inclined to enhance personal living standards. And more than a few firms take steps that promote the overall welfare of society. In some cases, these other objectives help a firm pursue profit maximization. In other cases, they prevent a firm from maximizing profit. Profit Maximization Profit maximization is the process of obtaining the highest possible level of profit through the production and sale of goods and services. This is the guiding principle underlying the analysis of short-run production by a firm. In particular, economic analysis is assumed that firms undertake actions and make the decisions that increase profit. Profit is the difference between the total revenue a firm receives from selling output and the total cost of producing that output. Profit-maximization means that a firm seeks the production level that generates the greatest difference between total revenue and total cost. Consider how profit maximization might work for The Wacky Willy Company. Suppose that The Wacky Willy Company generates $100,000 of profit by producing 100,000 Stuffed Amigos, the difference between $1,000,000 of revenue and $900,000 of cost. * If profit falls from this $100,000 level when The Wacky Willy Company produces more (100,001) or fewer (99,999) Stuffed Amigos, then it is maximizing profit at 100,000. Alternatively, if profit can be increased by producing more or less, then The Wacky Willy Company is NOT maximizing profit at the current level of production. Suppose, for example, that producing 100,001 Stuffed Amigos adds an extra $11 to revenue but only $9 to cost. In this case, profit can be increased by $2, reaching $100,002, by producing one more Stuffed Amigo. As such 100,000 is NOT the profit maximizing level of production. * In contrast, suppose that producing 99,999 Stuffed Amigos reduces cost by $11 but only reduces revenue by only $9. In this case, profit can also be increased by $2, reaching $100,002, by producing one fewer Stuffed Amigo. As such 100,000 is NOT the profit maximizing level of production. Sales Maximization A reasonable, and often pursued objective of firms is to maximize sales, that is, to sell as much output as possible. Clearly sales lead to revenue, meaning that maximizing sales is also bound to maximize revenue. But as the analysis of short-run production indicates, maximizing sales does NOT necessarily maximize profit. So why do firms do it? Are firms unreasonable? Are they irrational? Do they NOT understand the basic economic principles of short-run production? For some firms, the answers to these questions could be yes. But for other firms, sales maximization is actually a reasonable, even better, alternative to profit maximization. Consider, the day-to-day production of Wacky Willy Stuffed Amigos. Suppose the President of The Wacky Willy Company, William J. Wackowski, issues a corporate directive to sell as many Stuffed Amigos as possible, to maximize sales. Is Willy Wackowski wacky? It might be that Mr. Wackowski has no knowledge of basic economic principles. Alternatively Wacky William might have more business sense than it appears. In particular, if the price received from selling Stuffed Amigos is greater than the cost of producing each one, and looks to remain that way regardless of the quantity produced, then a reasonable goal is to maximize sales. If sales are greater, then so too is profit. Wacky Willy does NOT maximize profit under these circumstances. That is, it does not produce the quantity that achieves the highest possible profit. However, with each Stuffed Amigo produced, profit increases. In fact, Wacky Willy might not KNOW the profit-maximizing production level. All it knows is that selling more Stuffed Amigos, increases profit. While sales maximization can serve as a means of pursing profit maximization, it can also prevent a firm from maximizing profit. The reason, of course, is that if sales become so large that the cost of production increases such that marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue, the maximizing sales does not maximize profit. Pursuit of Personal Welfare The people who make decisions for a business are, in fact, people. They have likes and dislikes. They have personal goals and aspirations just like people who do not make decisions for firms. On occasion these people use the firm to pursue their own personal welfare. When they do, their actions could enhance the firms profit maximization or, in many cases, prevent profit maximization. How about a few examples? Once again, consider William J. Wackowski, the president of The Wacky Willy Company. Perhaps Willy enjoys the finer things in lifea large house, fancy cars, and expensive vacationswhich require a hefty income. As the primary stockholder of The Wacky Willy Company, when the business maximizes profit, then William J. Wackowski benefits with more income. In this case, the pursuit of personal welfare coincides with profit maximization. Alternatively, suppose that the Mr. Wackowski hates the color purple. He simply refuse to produce ANY purple Stuffed Amigos. However, market studies clearly indicate that buyers want purple Stuffed Amigos. Moreover, the purple fabric that would be used to produce purple Stuffed Amigos is significantly less expensive than other colors. Mr. Willy clearly is wacky in this case. His purple-phobia prevents profit maximization. William the Wackster might also decide to enhance his corporate lifestyle at the expense of corporate profit. He could, for example, give himself a bigger, more luxurious (but unneeded) office, a higher (but unneeded) salary, a company jet (also unneeded), season tickets to Shady Valley Primadonnas baseball team (clearly unneeded) and other (unneeded) amenities that are NOT needed to profitably produce Stuffed Amigos. These improve Williams personal welfare, but at the expense of corporate profit. Pursuit of Social Welfare The people who make decisions for firms also have social consciences. Part of their likes and dislikes might be related to the overall state of society. As such, they might use the firm to pursue social welfare, which could enhance or prevent the firms profit maximization. How might William J. Wackowskis pursuit of social welfare enhance or prevent profit maximization of The Wacky Willy Company? Suppose that William wants a cleaner environment. As such, he might implement more costly environmentally friendly production techniques and materials. He does his part to clean the environment, but at the expense of company profit. Then again, Mr. Wackowski might feel that government environmental quality regulations restrict capital investment and economic growth. As such, William might have The Wacky Willy Company use part of its advertising budget to promote this view point. He might even use company revenue to set up the Wackowski Foundation for Policy Studies that is both a scientific think tank and a special interest lobbying organization with the goal of reducing environmental quality regulations. While the pursuit of social welfare is likely to reduce company profit, it could have the opposite effect as well. Such activities could give The Wacky Willy Company a likeable public image that motivates people to buy more Stuffed Amigos than they would otherwise. In fact, some firms use the pursuit of social welfare as one aspect of their overall advertising efforts. They enhance their public image at the same time they do something good for society. Natural Selection Whichever objective a firm pursues on a day-to-day basis, the notion of natural selection suggests that successful firms intentionally or unintentionally maximize profit. That is, the firms best suited to the economic environment, and thus generate the most profit, are the ones that tend to survive. The natural selection of business firms is an adaptation of the biological process of natural selection, in which biological entities best suited to the natural environment are the ones that survive. The concept of economic natural selection means that those firms that generate the greatest profit are the ones that avoid bankruptcy and survive to produce another day. While firms might pursue sales maximization, personal welfare, or social welfare, only those firms that also maximize profit remain in business. 2) The following   is from chapter one in the text   Financial Management and Policy, by James C. Van Horne, Copyright 1974 by Prentice-Hall. It is classic finance. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE FIRM In this [course], we assume that the objective of the firm is to maximize its value to its shareholders. Value is represented by the market price of the company’s common stock, which, in turn, is a reflection of the firm’s investment, financing, and dividend decisions. Profit Maximization vs. Wealth Maximization Frequently, maximization of profits is regarded as the proper objective of the firm, but it is not as inclusive a goal as that of maximizing shareholder wealth. For one thing, total profits are not as important as earnings per share. A firm could always raise total profits by issuing stock and using the proceeds to invest in Treasury bills. Even maximization of earnings per share, however, is not a fully appropriate objective, partly because it does not specify the timing or duration of expected returns. Is the investment project that will produce $100,000 return 5 years from now more valuable than the project that will produce annual returns of $15,000 in each of the next 5 years? An answer to this question depends upon the time value of money to the firm and to investors at the margin. Few existing stockholders would think favorably of a project that promised its first return in 100 years. We must take into account the time pattern of returns in our analysis. Another shortcoming of the objective of maximizing earnings per share is that it does not consider the risk or uncertainty of the prospective earnings stream. Some investment projects are far more risky than others. As a result, the prospective stream of earnings per share would be more uncertain if these projects were undertaken. In addition, a company will be more or less risky depending upon the amount of debt in relation to equity in its capital structure. This risk is known as financial risk; and it, too, contributes to the uncertainty of the prospective stream of earnings per share. Two companies may have the same expected future earnings per share, but if the earnings stream of one is subject to considerably more uncertainty than the earnings stream of the other, the market price per share of its stock may be less. For the reasons above, an objective of maximizing earnings per share may not be the same as maximizing market price per share. The market price of a firm’s stock represents the focal judgment of all market participants as to what the value is of the particular firm. It takes into account present and prospective future earnings per share, the timing, duration, and risk of these earnings, and any other factors that bear upon the market price of stock. The market price serves as a performance index or report card of the firm’s progress; it indicates how well management is doing in behalf of its stockholders. Management vs. Stockholders In certain situations the objectives of management may differ from those of the firms stockholders. In a large corporation whose stock is widely held, stockholders exert very little control or influence over the operations of the company. When the control of a company is separate from its ownership, management may not always act in the best interests of the stockholders [Agency Theory]. [Managers] sometimes are said to be satisficers rather than maximizers; they may be content to play it safe and seek an acceptable level of growth, being more concerned with perpetuating their own existence than with maximizing the value of the firm to its shareholders. The most important goal to a management [team]of this sort may be its own survival. As a result, it may be unwilling to take reasonable risks for fear of making a mistake, thereby becoming conspicuous to the outside suppliers of capital. In turn, these suppliers may pose a threat to management’s survival. It is true that in order to survive over the long run, management may have to behave in a manner that is reasonably consistent with maximizing shareholder wealth. Nevertheless, the goals of the two parties do not necessarily have to be the same. Maximization of shareholder wealth, then, is an appropriate guide for how a firm should act. When management does not act in a manner consistent with this objective, we must recognize this as a constraint and determine the opportunity cost. This cost is measurable only if we determine what the outcome would have been had the firm attempted to maximize shareholder wealth. A Normative Goal Because the principal of maximization of shareholder wealth provides a rational guide for running a business and for the efficient allocation of resources in society, we use it as our assumed objective in considering how financial decisions should be made. The purpose of capital markets is to efficiently allocate savings in an economy from ultimate savers to ultimate users of funds who invest in real assets. If savings are to be channeled to the most promising investment opportunities, a rational economic criteria must exist that governs their flow. By and large, the allocation of savings in an economy occurs on the basis of expected return and risk. The market value of a firm’s stock embodies both of these factors. It therefore reflects the market’s tradeoff between risk and return. If decisions are made in keeping with the likely effect upon the market value of its stock, a firm will attract capital only when its investment opportunities justify the use of that capital in the overall economy. Put another way, the equilibration process by which savings are allocated in an economy occurs on the basis of expected return and risk. Holding risk constant, those economic units (business firms, households, financial institutions, or governments) willing to pay the highest yield are the ones entitled to the use of funds. If rationality prevails, the economic units bidding the highest yields will be the ones with the most promising investment opportunities. As a result, savings will tend to be allocated to the most efficient users. Maximization of shareholder wealth then embodies the risk-return tradeoff of the market and is the focal point by which funds should be allocated within and among business firms. Any other objective is likely to result in the suboptimal allocation of funds and therefore lead to less than optimal level of economic want satisfaction. This is not to say that management should ignore the question of social responsibility. As related to business firms, social responsibility concerns such things as protecting the consumer, paying fair wages to employees, maintaining fair hiring practices, supporting education, and becoming actively involved in environmental issues like clean air and water. Many people feel that a firm has no choice but to act in socially responsible ways; they argue that shareholder wealth and, perhaps, the corporations vary existence depends upon its being socially responsible. However, the criteria for social responsibility are not clearly defined, making formulation of a consistent objective function difficult. Moreover, social responsibility creates certain problems for the firm. One is that it falls unevenly on different corporations. Another is that it sometimes conflicts with the objective of wealth maximization. Certain social actions, from a long-range point of view, unmistakably are in the best interests of stockholders, and there is little question that they should be undertaken. Other actions are less clear, and to engage in them may result in a decline of profits and in shareholder wealth in the long run. From the standpoint of society, this decline may produce a conflict. What is gained in having a socially desirable goal achieved may be offset in whole or part by an accompanying less efficient allocation of resources in society. The latter will result in a less than optimal growth of the economy and a lower total level of economic want satisfaction. In an era of unfilled wants and scarcity, the allocation process is extremely important. Many people feel that management should not be called upon to resolve the conflict posed above. Rather, society, with its broad general perspective, should make the decisions necessary in this area. Only society, acting through Congress and other representative governmental bodies, can judge the relative tradeoff between the achievement of a social goal and the sacrifice in the efficiency of apportioning resources that may accompany realization of the goal. With these decisions made, corporations can engage in wealth maximization and thereby efficiently allocate resources, subject, of course, to certain governmental constraints. Under such a system, corporations can be viewed as producing both private and social goods, and the maximization of shareholder wealth remains a viable corporate objective.

Divine Comedy †Pagans in Paradise Essay -- Divine Comedy

Divine Comedy – Pagans in Paradise In the beginning when God created humanity, it was said that He created all humans in His image of goodness (Genesis 1:27). Dante then adds in his Divine Comedy that God has instilled a certain predetermined capacity of goodness in each human being as He wills, which should be utilized fully during life (Paradise 3:84). It would then be assumed, in Dantean thought, that all humans have the choice to live fully to this capacity and assume a place in heaven upon death, to fail to utilize this capacity and suffer in Hell for eternity, or to sin and seek repentance at some point in their lives, allowing them to enter Purgatory. Yet, this statement seems to have certain restrictions when we first look at Dante’s Divine Comedy. Dante’s Inferno shows virtuous pagans in the first circle of Hell and has the reader believe that one must be a Christian to enter Heaven, or Purgatory. As the reader continues into Paradise, he discovers that there are indeed some pagans who have rise n to Heaven, but only because they were allowed the mercy to be baptized after death. This idea seems unjust to those who have lived sinless lives without being given the choice to embrace Christ. It is understood that direct refusal of Christianity would result in an eternity in Hell, but for those sinless and virtuous people who lived before Christ or beyond the reaches of Christian teachings, it seems absurd to deny them entrance into Heaven. With careful examination of the Divine Comedy, it can be understood that the actual act of baptism and the embracing of Jesus Christ symbolize the ideas and significance each act represents and are not intended for the reader to take these acts for their literal meanings. The presence ... ...l salvation. Throughout the entire work of Dante’s Divine Comedy, pagans play an integral role. Pagans are present in each of the three parts of Dante’s afterlife and a pagan is even chosen to be Dante’s guide. The prevalence of these individuals suggests the idea that God loves all people and rewards those who have embraced the ideas and morals of the Christian religion and lived virtuously and without sin. Dante’s Divine Comedy provides enough basis to form the argument that one does not necessarily have to be Christian to enter Heaven, but only needs to embrace the ideals that Christ and baptism represent. Also, through using Emperor Trajan as an example of a virtuous pagan’s successful entrance to Heaven, it is seen that possession of these ideals along with the virtue of humility is what allowed certain pagans into Paradise and excluded others for eternity.

MHS Reflection

The most impressive part is having interview with one of the employees-Yin Pong. She is an ex-mentally ill person but she is confident and cheerful. During the interview, she repeatedly expresses that she enjoys working in bakery and feels an immense gratitude that she can be employed. At that moment, I think the role of social enterprises is essential in Hong Kong society as they can provide opportunities of self-reliance to the disadvantaged. In Hong Kong, many disadvantaged are seeking for these helps and it can also decrease the ruder of the families and society.I find that their products are valuable although the prices of the products are quite expensive as they use high quality of ingredients for their baking to achieve quality assurance. It is also an essential element helping them to compete in the market. Besides, I appreciate the spirit of bakery. They hope their customers keep patronizing are because of the appreciation of their baked product, but not the sympathy for the employees with disabilities or the support to their organization (Ting Way Group of Hospitals).The employees completely get good senses of fulfillment from successful work. It is no doubt that training employees with disabilities is a difficult job as they need to give much patience, care and time for their employees. To help bakery to survive in the market, it is not just their well-handled management, but also their selflessness to employees. The role of social enterprises is one of the steps to lead Hong Kong to be a caring socio ¶y'. Our supports are dispensable.

Management Of The High Court - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2525 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The High Court is staffed mainly by High Court Judges, assisted as necessary by experienced barristers sitting temporarily as Deputy High Court Judges.  [1]  The High Court consists of two Chief Judges, one in Penisular Malaysia and one in Sabah and Sarawak. The High Court is split into three Divisions, which are Queens Bench Division, Family Division, and Chancery Division. Although High Court Judges are appointed to just one the three Divisions, any High Court Judge has the same powers. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Management Of The High Court" essay for you Create order The jurisdiction of the High Court is original, appellate and supervisory. It containing unlimited criminal and civil powers in the exercise of the original jurisdiction .Any civil matter which cannot be determined in the subordinate court is heard before the High Court.  [2] The Court of Appeal constitutes the President of the Court of Appeal and up to ten Court of Appeal Judges. The Court of Appeal has jurisdiction to hear and determine any appeal against by High Court decision on criminal matters. Where an appeal has been heard and disposed of by the Court of Appeal, the Court of Appeal has no power to review the case. In the other words, Court of Appeal has no power to re-open, re-hear nor to re-examine its decision for whatever purpose. This principle found in Lye Thai Sang Anor.v.Faber Merlin (M) Sdn.Bhd. Ors.19A. Judicial Precedent refers to a judgment which is in a court of law cited as the authority for deciding a similar set of facts which happened previously.   [3]  The legal principle that serves as an authority in a case is embodied in its decision. From precedent to precedent, the common law has developed by broadening down. Judicial precedent is a decision of the court which is often used as a source to support the fact for the future decision making. This is also known as stare decisis (to stand upon decisions) by which the precedents are authoritative, binding and must be followed. As for Mr. Justice Peters case, it is involved under the judicial precedent. When Mr Justice Peter refers to cases, he must be able to differentiate between parts of the case that is binding and not binding. There are two cases whereby Mr. Justice Peter can choose to not apply precendents in his judgement. If the earlier precedent is arrived at per incuriam, which means that made in an ignorance of a stature or a binding precedent. Besides, where the case can be distinguished when he finds there are material differences in facts between his case and t he case that laying down the precedent. If Mr Justice Peter did not find any material differences in the case, it means he is bound to the original precedent. However, if the decision made by the judge in the court of appeal is made under ignorance then Mr Justice Peter may not be able to apply the original precedent. There are two circumstances whereby he can choose to not apply precendents in his judgement. First, a stature or a binding precedent will be ignored if the earlier precedent is arrived at per incuriam. Second, Mr Justice Peter can distinguish the case when he able to find there are material differences in facts between the case before him and case the laying down the precedent. If he did not find any material differences in the case, then he will just bound to the original precedent. However, Mr Justice Peter may be able to ignore the original precedent if the decision made by the judges in the courts of appeal is made under ignorance. According to the hierarchy of the court, Mr. Justice Peter is bound with the decision that has been made by the other judge like Federal Court and Court of Appeal. This is because Mr. Justice Peter is a high court judge. The decision made by Federal Court and Court of Appeal must be followed because Mr. Justice Peter is in the lower court. He will be bound with the decision that has been made by the judge in the Court of Appeal since both cases have similar material facts. If he applies the existing law, he is practising declaratory precedent. Hierarchy of the Courts Federal Court Court of Appeal Court of Appeal Court of Appeal High Court (Malaysia) High Court (Sabah Sarawak) Syariah Court Syariah Court Native Court Sessions Court Juvenile Court Sessions Court Magistrates court Juvenile Court Magistrates Court Penghulus Court Question 1(b) Definition of Case Law: Case law which means reported the decisions for selected appellate and other courts, which named courts of first impression. It can make new interpretations of the law, therefore, it can be cited as precedents in a process known as stare decisis.  [4]  Courts decided the law applicable to case by interpreting statutes and applying certain precedents which record how and why prior cases have been decided in the tradition of common law. For example, both of the High Court and Court of Appeal are bound each other based on the previous decisions that was made by their own, but neither the County Courts nor the Supreme Court. Case law is the most often that created by the all judges in their rulings, when they are write for their own decisions. It also gives some reasoning behind of them, as well as can citing those precedents in other cases and statutes that they had bearing on their decision.  [5] How to make case law? The different ways that court render decisions made are created by the difference roles between the case law that it is in civil and common law traditions. The legal rationale behind the decisions, with citations of both legislation and previous relevant judgments, it often an exegesis of the wider legal principles will be explained in details by common law courts. An analysis called ratio decidend, will then constitutes a precedent binding on other courts. However, decisions which in civil law jurisdictions are generally very short and referring only to statutes. The reason for this difference is about that these civil law jurisdictions adhere to a tradition that the reader should be able to deduce the logic from the decision and the statutes, so that, in some cases, it is somewhat difficult to apply previous decisions to the facts presented in future cases. Strengths and Weaknesses of Case Law Strengths Flexible There are no two cases are exactly the same. If the difference between the instant case and the precedent are material, the court in the instant case can distinguish the previous case. Judges can develop law without waiting for parliament to enact legislation. To prevent precedents and enables the system to alter and to adapt into new situations, there is quite a number of ways to make it. In the other words, it is flexible to change society. Due to the reason of the difference in facts, the ratio decidend that was applied in the previous case is inapplicable to the instant case. Therefore, lawyers can predict outcome of case and advice clients. Save cost and time Judges may proceed faster while waiting for the Parliament to remedy or enact law in that certain area. The old and established issues do not have to be re-argued. This is because if the Parliament were to remedy or enact a law it might take months or even years which will increase the cost. In addition, it also save the expenses of court and reduces the Parliaments burden in dealing with all matters regarding law as most cases are argued on the facts but not the law. Consistent Case law is the law developed through appellate courts decisions of how the law applies to some certain facts and whether a set of the facts constitutes some kind of legal wrong.  [6]  Courts may try to follow the previous case or similar case, which called stasis decidend or precedent and will only change when they see the facts which different requiring different outcomes. Therefore, consistency will be provided in the legal system, so if have any one of the situation that is like others, it will be always viewed by the courts in the same way. The society is treated equally because when a case law is used, everyone that is involved in the same case but at different time will have the same treatment as long as the original precedent is not overruled. This is important to give the system a sense of justice and to make the system acceptable to the public.  [7] Weaknesses Low effectiveness As judges will have to deal with many different types of cases where the volume of cases is constantly increasing, there will be too many case laws which make this very bulky and complex. Therefore, the judges and lawyers are compelled to engage in greater research which makes things very slow and expensive. Restriction of law development A case law is binding to lower courts and courts of the same level. Judges are bound to the law once created by a higher court until it is overruled by a higher court. It will create rigidity. It can be difficult to get the law change once courts establish a precedent. For example, it took over 50 years for the courts to change the law and decide that the idea of separate but equal laws regarding the races was wrong because things were never really equal and therefore were discriminatory  [8]  . Injustice Over-ruling is a higher court which can overrule a decision that made in an earlier case by a lower court e.g., the Court of Appeal can overrule an earlier High Court decision. The overruling of an earlier case may cause the injustice to those who have ordered their affairs in reliance on it.  [9]  However, the decision in the previous case is not actually changed itself. Precedent may produce justice in the individual case but injustice in the generality of cases. It would be undesirable to treat a number of claimants unjustly simply because one binding case had laid down an unjust rule.  [10] Unconstitionality At most of the time, judiciary are making law but not applying it. This is because there are too many similar cases reported in each year, making it difficult to match the precedent case that should be followed. Judiciary is lack of innovation because they must begin in common law at some point judges. Question 2 This is a case about offer, acceptance, revocation, withdrawal and counter offer between Steven and Tanny. In this case, there was mentioned about an owner of instrument shop who named Steven, he was the offeror when he advertised on newspaper. Based on his action, it is known as invitation to treat. The offeree, Tanny was decided to reject Stevens invitation to treat and make a new offer to Steven. However Steven rejected the offer, at the same time he had give Tanny a new offer with a time frame, and this known as counter offer. Although Tanny wish to accept the offer from Steven but he was too late due to the time frame given by Steven. This is known as revocation. A letter of acceptance was made by Tanny to Steven to propose a new offer. After a few days, Steven had received the offer letter from Tanny and he can decide whether accept or reject. On the 29 October 2010, Steven advertised in the New Focus Paper, Yamaha Piano latest model, excellent condition, RM 15,000, int erested please call 016 1234567. An advertistisement is usually an invitation to treat but it can be an offer, depending on its wording and on the circumstances this can refer to case Majunder v. Attorney- General of sarawak  [11]  , the Federal Court held that and advertisement in the newspaper for the post of a doctor was an invitation to treat. The advertisement was an invitation to treat, not an offer to sell: with limited stock the advertiser could not reasonably intend to be bound to sell to all those who might accept. In detail, invitations to treat (ITT)  [12]  is not a proposal but could be regarded as mere communication passed at the stage of negotiation. The court can held that advertisement of bilateral and unilateral contracts. Bilateral contract is defined as offer something directly to a particular person such as cases like Boulton v. Jones  [13]  ,Partridge v Crittenden  [14]  and Rooke v. Dawson  [15]  . Whereas the unilateral contract is know n as offer to anybody who are interested and the case of Carlil v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company  [16]  is example unilateral contract. By refer to case of Carlil v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company  [17]  , our case is classify as an unilateral contract because it offer to anybody who are interested. Under Malaysia law, the price tag which located on an item that was displayed in a shop window (or advertised through public media) is an invitation-to-treat but then not an offer to sale (the acceptance of which comprise a contract). Moreover, it means an invitation to receive offers and the crucial factor to determine whether it is an offer or an ITT is the intention of the parties. An offer is an undertaking by the offeror to be contractually bound in the event of a proper acceptance by the offeree. Based on section 2 (a) of the Contract Act 1950 states that when one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the as sent of that other to the act or acceptance  [18]  , he is said to make a proposal. On the 1st November 2010, after Tanny test the piano, he offered RM 10,000 to buy the piano. Based on section 4(1) of the Contracts Act 1950, it stated that an offer must be communicated. The offer is made by Tanny when it is clear by words or actions, which he is prepared to be bound as soon as the offer is accepted by the person to whom it is made. An offer is quite different from invitation to treat, thought it is not always easy to distinguish the two. This can refer to case Taylor v Laird  [19]  . Based on section 2(c), the person who making the proposal is called promisor or offeror which is refer to Tanny and the other party Steven which involved is an offeree. Then Steven said I will not sell it below RM 14,000, counter-offers occurs. Counter offer  [20]  is an offer made in response to a previous offer by the other party during negotiations for a final contract. Making a count er offer automatically rejects the prior offer, and requires an acceptance under the terms of the counter offer or there is no contract. Base on case study of Hyde v Wrench  [21]  . A counter offer is not an acceptance and actually kills the original offer RM10,000 which offered by Tanny. Hence, the offer for piano with RM 10,000 no more exists and replaced by RM 14,000. Steven spoke out that I will not sell it to anyone else before 7th November 2010 but Tanny remains silence because of exception that are mean silence cannot assume as acceptance and Steven is giving time frame. After 7th November 2010, Steven can sell the piano to his potential customers. In this situation, postal rule occurred, this is a postal rule and can refer to Adams